List of extinct languages of Asia
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This is a list of extinct languages of Asia, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers, and no spoken descendant.
There are 137 languages listed. 15 from Central Asia, 21 from East Asia, 15 from South Asia, 18 from Southeast Asia, 14 from Siberia and 54 from West Asia.
List[edit]
This is an incomplete list. You can help by adding missing items, correcting wrong information and adding reliable sources. (March 2024)
Central Asia[edit]
East Asia[edit]
South Asia[edit]
Language/dialect | Family | Date of extinction | Ethnic Group(s) | Native to |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ahom | Kra–Dai | [data missing] | Ahom | Assam |
Aka-Bea | Andamanese | 1931 AD[17] | Bea | western Andaman Strait and the northern and western coast of South Andaman |
Aka-Bo | Andamanese | February 2010[18] | Bo | west central coast of the North Andaman and on the North Reef Island |
Aka-Cari | Andamanese | April 4, 2020[19] | Cari | north coast of North Andaman and on Landfall |
Aka-Kede | Andamanese | 1930-1950s AD[17] | Aka-Kede | Southeast Middle Andaman |
Aka-Kol | Andamanese | 1921 AD[17] | Kol | Northern section of Middle Andaman |
Aka-Kora | Andamanese | 2004 AD[20] | Kora | northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman and Smith Island |
Akar-Bale | Andamanese | 1930-1950s AD[17] | Bale | Ritchie's Archipelago, Havelock island and Neil Island |
Cochin Portuguese creole | Portuguese Creole | 20 August 2010[21] | Cochin Portuguese Creole speakers | Kochi |
Dura | Sino-Tibetan | August 2008[22] | Dura | Nepal |
Jangil | Andamanese | 1905 AD[23] | Jangil | Rutland Island |
Lubanki | Indo-European | [data missing] | Labana | Punjab |
Moran | Sino-Tibetan | [data missing] | Morans | Assam |
Oko-Juwoi | Andamanese | 1931 AD[17] | Juwoi | west central and southwest interior of Middle Andaman |
Pucikwar | Andamanese | 1930-1950s AD[17] | Pucikwar | south coast of Middle Andaman, northeast coast of South Andaman and Baratang Island |
Southeast Asia[edit]
Siberia[edit]
Language/dialect | Family | Date of extinction | Ethnic Group(s) | Native to |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arin | Yeniseian | 1700s AD[26] | Ara | Yenisey between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk |
Bering Aleut | Eskaleut | March 2021 AD[27] | Aleuts | Kamchatka Krai, Russia |
Chuvan | Yukaghir | 1700s AD[28] | Chuvans | Anadyr river basin of Chukotka |
Kamassian | Uralic | 1989 AD[29] | Kamasins | north of the Sayan Mountains |
Kott | Yeniseian | 1800s AD[30] | Kott speakers | Mana |
Kuril Ainu | Ainu | 1850-1890s AD[31] | Kuril Ainu | Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Hokkaido |
Mator | Uralic | 1840 AD[32] | Koibal | Sayan Mountains |
Mednyj Aleut | Mixed Aleut–Russian | October 2022 AD[27] | Alaskan Creoles on Medny Island | Commander Islands, Russia |
Omok | Yukaghir | 1700s AD[33] | Omoks | Yakutia and Magadan |
Pumpokol | Yeniseian | 1800-1860 AD[34] | Pumpokol speakers | Yenisey |
Sakhalin Ainu | Ainu | 1994 AD[35] | Sakhalin Ainu | Sakhalin and Hokkaido |
Sireniki | Eskaleut | 1997 AD[36] | Sirenik Eskimos | Bering Strait region |
Yugh | Yeniseian | 1900s AD[37] | Yug | Yenisey |
Yurats | Uralic | 1800s AD[38] | Yurats | West of the Yenisey |
West Asia[edit]
See also[edit]
- List of languages by time of extinction
- List of extinct languages and dialects of Europe
- Languages of Asia
- List of endangered languages in Asia
References[edit]
- ^ "Avestan". Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
1200 - 800 BC.
- ^ "Bactrian". Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
- ^ "Volga-Bolgarian". Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
13th century AD.
- ^ Melnyk, Mykola (2022). Byzantium and the Pechenegs.
István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.
- ^ "mutual-intelligibility-among-the-turkic.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-04-07.
This lect is the descendant of the Fergana Kipchak language that went extinct in the late 1920's.
- ^ "Khazar". Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
6th - 12th century AD.
- ^ "Khorezmian". Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
- ^ "Chorasmian". Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
- ^ "Old Uighur". Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
- ^ "Old Turkish". Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
- ^ "Sogdian". Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
100 BC - 1000 AD.
- ^ "Paekche". Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ "Koguryo". Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
1st century to mid-8th century A.D.
- ^ "Kitan". Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
- ^ "Tangut". Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
c. 11th - 16th centuries AD.
- ^ "Zhang-zhung". Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
7th - 10th century AD.
- ^ a b c d e f George van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-12062-9,
... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
- ^ "Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies". The Daily Telegraph. 5 February 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "Remembering Licho, the Last Speaker of the Sare Language". Terralingua. April 30, 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "The Hindu". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ "The Death of an Indian-born Language". Open Magazine. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "The last of Nepal's Dura speakers". BBC. January 15, 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "The Andamanese". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ "Pyu". Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ Mark Donohue (2007). "The Papuan Language of Tambora". Oceanic Linguistics. 46 (2). JSTOR: 520–537. doi:10.1353/ol.2008.0014. JSTOR 20172326. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
...the language, along with its speakers, was lost in a gigantic volcanic eruption, the most cataclysmic in historic times in April 1815.
- ^ "Arin". Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ a b "Last Native Speaker Of Aleut Language In Russia Dies". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- ^ "Chuvantsy". Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
Survived until perhaps the 18th century AD.
- ^ "Dying Languages". Dzen. February 9, 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "Kott". Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ "The study of old documents of Hokkaido and Kuril Ainu : promise and challenges". Retrieved 2024-05-08.
Unfortunately, Kuril Ainu, which is absolutely indispensable for the reconstruction, disappeared in the late 19th century with just few old documents left.
- ^ "Mator". Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ "Omok". Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
Survived until perhaps 18th century.
- ^ "CV_20240423_SES44_002 (2).pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 23 April 2024.
including Kott/Assan, Arin, Pumpokol, all extinct between about 1800 and 1860
- ^ "Wilson-May23-Language-Isolates.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-08.
In 1994, Take Asai died at the age of 102. She was the last native speaker of Sakhalin Ainu
- ^ "Sirenik". Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ "Yug". Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ "CV_20240423_SES44_002 (2).pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 23 April 2024.
Yurats was another Samoyedic language replaced by the eastward advance of Tundra Nenets, extinct during the nineteenth century, with meager documentation
- ^ "Aghwan". Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
6th-8th Centuries AD.
- ^ "Neo-Assyrian". Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Armazic". Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
1st-2nd centuries AD.
- ^ "Carian". Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Palaeosyrian". Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
3rd Millenium BC.
- ^ "Edomite". Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
Earlier half of the 1st Millennium BC.
- ^ "Elamite". Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Galatian". Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Hadramitic". Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Hatti". Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
2nd Millennium BC.
- ^ "Hittite". Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Hurrian". Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Historical Memory about Migration of the Kaskians in Western Georgia". Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ "Hieroglyphic Luwian". Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
2nd-1st Millennium BC.
- ^ "Lycian". Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
500 BC to about 200 BC.
- ^ "Lydian". Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
8th to ? 3rd century BC.
- ^ Gulnar Nadirova Logo. "STATUS OF THE KYPCHAK LANGUAGE IN MAMLUK EGYPT: LANGUAGE - BARRIER OR LANGUAGE - CONTACT?". Retrieved 25 April 2024.
Even towards the end of the Mamluk period, during the reign of the last sultan al-Ghawri (1501-1516), the Mamluk, called Asanbay min Sudun, copied the religious Hanbali tract of Abu al-Layth in Kypchak language for the royal library.
- ^ "Median". Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
- ^ "Milyan". Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Minoan". Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Ohne Titel" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-08.
Ibrahim Ḥanna was the last speaker of the Mlaḥso language, as the village was destroyed in 1915 during the Armenian genocide. He died in 1999 in Qāmišli in Syria
- ^ "Moabite". Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO MYCENAEAN GREEK:A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-06.
... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards.
- ^ "Mysian". Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Old Anatolian Turkish". Archived from the original on 30 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
It continued to be spoken until the 15th century AD, developing ultimately into the Turkish varieties of later years.
- ^ "Turkey – Language Reform: From Ottoman To Turkish". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Palaic". Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
2nd Millennium BC.
- ^ "Parthian". Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Phoenician". Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Neo-Phrygian". Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Pisidian". Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Qatabanic". Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Sabaic". Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
100 BC - 600 AD.
- ^ The Lingua Franca. Natalie Operstein. 2021.
- ^ Al-Jallad, Ahmad. "Al-Jallad. 2020. The month ʾdr in Safaitic and the status of spirantization in "Arabian" Aramaic". Academia.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
A minority of dated texts suggest that the practice of carving Safaitic inscriptions spanned at least from the second century BCE to the third century CE.
- ^ "Sidetic". Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Sumerian". Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Academia.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
Therefore, at least part of the Taymanitic corpus can safely be dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE.
- ^ Koerner, E. F. K. (1 January 1998). First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-90-272-4576-2.
- ^ "Ugaritic". Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ "Urartean". Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
Ist Millennium BC.