List of Berber people
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This is a list of famous Berber people. The Berbers are an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa, where they live in scattered communities.[1]
Royalty and nobility[edit]
Ancient period[edit]
- Osorkon the Elder, fifth king of the twenty-first dynasty of Ancient Egypt and was the first Pharaoh of Libyan origin[citation needed]
- Shoshenq I, Egyptian Pharaoh of Libyan origin, founder of the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt.[citation needed]
- Ailymas, Numidian chieftain or King, ally of Agathocles of Syracuse.[citation needed]
- Gaia, King of the Massylii (East-Numidia) until 206 BC.[citation needed]
- Baga (also Bagas), king of Mauretania (or Maurusia, North Morocco) about 225 BC, ally of Massinissa of Numidia.[citation needed]
- Oezalces, King of Numidia for a short time in 206 BC, brother of King Gaia.[citation needed]
- Mazaetullus, member of the Massylii royal family. Led a coup to assassinate Capussa and install Lacumazes.[citation needed]
- Capussa, son of Oezalces, King of Numidia for a short time in 206 BC, assassinated in a coup.[citation needed]
- Lacumazes, youngest son of Oezalces, King of Numidia for a short time in 206 BC, puppet king installed in coup.[citation needed]
- Syphax, King of the Masaesyli (West-Numidia) until 203 BC.[citation needed]
- Masinissa, King of the Massylii, founder and King of Numidia, in present-day Algeria and Tunisia.[citation needed]
- Vermina or Fermina, son of Syphax, King of the Masaesyli.[citation needed]
- Archobarzane, son of Vermina, last King of the Masaesyli, led a failed attack against Massinissa.[citation needed]
- Micipsa, King of Numidia, son of Massinissa.[citation needed]
- Jugurtha, King of Numidia from 118 to 105 BC.[citation needed]
- Hiempsal I, King of Numidia, son of Micipsa, assassinated by Jugurtha.[citation needed]
- Adherbal, King of Numidia from 118 to 112 BC, son of Micipsa, murdered by Jugurtha.[citation needed]
- Bocchus, king of Mauretania about 110 BC until 80 BC.[citation needed]
- Volux, son of Bocchus, army leader.[citation needed]
- Bogud, son of Bocchus.[citation needed]
- Gauda, King of Numidia from 105 to 88 BC, divided the kingdom between his sons upon his death.[citation needed]
- Masteabar, petty king of West-Numidia.[citation needed]
- Hiempsal II, king of Numidia, son of Gauda, 88 to 60 BC.[citation needed]
- Hiarbas, usurper king of Numidia, defeated by Romans to restore Massinissa II on the throne. Died in 82 or 81 BC.[citation needed]
- Masinissa II, petty king of West-Numidia (81 to 46 BC), son of Masteabar.[citation needed]
- Mastanesosus, king of Mauretania from 80 to 49 BC, son of Bocchus.[citation needed]
- Juba I, king of Numidia, 60 to 46 BC, son of Hiempsal II, defeated by Julius Caesar who annexed his kingdom.[citation needed]
- Arabio or Arabion, last independent king of Numidia, son of Massinissa II.[citation needed]
- Bogud, king of West-Mauretania, son of Mastanesosus, from 49 to 38 BC.[citation needed]
- Bocchus II, king of East-Mauretania from 49 to 38 BC, then all of Mauretania until 33 BC. Son of Mastanesosus. Died without leaving heirs.[citation needed]
- Juba II, son of Juba I. king of Numidia (30 to 25 BC) and then later moved to Mauretania (25 BC to 23 AD).[citation needed]
- Ptolemy of Mauretania, last king of Mauretania (23 to 40 AD).[citation needed]
- Macrinus, Roman emperor for 14 months in 217 and 218.[citation needed]
- Aemilianus, Roman emperor.[citation needed]
- Lusius Quietus, governor of Judaea and one of Trajan's chief generals[citation needed]
- Quintus Lollius Urbicus, governor of Britannia from 138 to 144[citation needed]
- Gildo, Roman general who turned against the Romans and fought them in 398[citation needed]
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Medieval period[edit]
- Dihya, Berber queen, religious and military leader[citation needed]
- Abu Yedda, 10th century Berber leader[citation needed]
- Aksel, Berber freedom fighter against the Arab raids and invasions who killed Uqba ibn Nafi.[citation needed]
- Muhammad ibn Wasul, Midrarid emir of Sijilmasa.[citation needed]
- Safiyy al-Dawla, Fatimid governor of Aleppo between October 1022 and April 1023[citation needed]
- Thu'ban ibn Muhammad, Fatimid governor of Aleppo between 27 July 1024 and 30 June 1025[citation needed]
- Ziri ibn Manad, founder of the Zirid dynasty[citation needed]
- Yusuf ibn Tashfin, founder of the Almoravid dynasty.[citation needed]
- Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, Berber woman of influence in the early days of the Almoravid Berber empire[citation needed]
- Fannu (died April 1147), Almoravid princess, in the guise of a man, she participated in the defense of Almoravid Marrakech.[citation needed]
- 'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya, Amir of Majorca from c. 1187 to 1203[citation needed]
- Abd al-Mu'min (c. 1094–1163), first Caliph of the Almohad Empire.[citation needed]
- Abu Yaqub Yusuf, had the Giralda in Seville built[citation needed]
- Yusuf II, Almohad caliph, had the Torre del Oro in Seville built[citation needed]
- Abu Zakariya Yahya, founder and first sultan of the Hafsid dynasty.[citation needed]
- Abu Said Uthman III, Marinid ruler of Morocco from 19 March 1398 to 1420[citation needed]
- Buluggin ibn Ziri, Zirid ruler who founded the cities of Algiers, Médéa and Miliana.[citation needed]
- Badis Ibn Habus, defeated the Abbadids of Seville one of the strongest taifas and also defeated the taifa of Almeria and took control of its territory.[2][3] He also defeated the Hammudids and conquered the Taifa of Malaga.[4]
Military[edit]
Antiquity[edit]
- Aedemon, led a revolt against Romans after the assassination of King Ptolemy of Mauretania in 40 AD[citation needed]
- Tacfarinas, fought the Romans in the Aures Mountains.[citation needed]
- Firmus, fought the Romans Between 372 and 375[citation needed]
- Cutzinas (died January 563), Berber tribal leader who played a major role in the wars of the Byzantine Empire against the Berber tribes in Africa.[citation needed]
- Antalas (born c. 500), tribal leader who played a major role in the wars of the Byzantine Empire against the Berber tribes in Africa.[citation needed]
- Ierna, tribal leader of the Laguatan and also high priest of the god Gurzil.[citation needed]
- Lusius Quietus, Roman general and governor of Judaea who conquered several cities in the middle east, as well as destroying the Jewish rebels of Judaea[citation needed]
- Quintus Lollius Urbicus, governor of Britain and conquered Scotland, he also built the Antonine Wall[citation needed]
Medieval period[edit]
- Dihya, Berber queen and military leader who defeated many Arab invaders and raiders[citation needed]
- Aksel, Berber freedom fighter and prevented many Arab raids, he also killed the famous Arab general, Uqba ibn Nafi.[citation needed]
- Tariq ibn Ziyad (670–720), led the Islamic Umayyad conquest of Visigothic Hispania (711–718)[citation needed]
- Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati, Berber general who led the Berber revolt against the Umayyads and killed Umayyad governor Kulthum ibn Iyadh al-Kushayri and umayyad general Habib ibn Abi Ubaida al-Fihri on the way to freeing modern day Morocco and Algeria from Arab rule.[citation needed]
- Ali ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah, Fatimid commander and governor who defeated Umayyad commander Abu Rakwa (who nearly conquered Egypt) he also saved many parts of the middle east from the huge Bedouin army under Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah.[citation needed]
- Ja'far ibn Fallah (died August 971), Berber general of the Kutama tribe in the service of the Fatimid Caliphate. Who defeated the Qarmatians from Syria[citation needed]
- Ziri ibn Atiyya, leader of the Zenata Maghrawa who conquered many cities in Maghreb, he also found the city of Oujda.[citation needed]
- Mazdali ibn Tilankan, Almoravid military commander and diplomat[citation needed]
- Syr ibn Abi Bakr, Almoravid military commander[citation needed]
- Ibn Masal, military commander and official of the Fatimid Caliphate.[citation needed]
- Hammu ibn Abd al-Haqq, Marinid prince Commander (shaykh al-ghuzat) of the Volunteers of the Faith of Granada[citation needed]
- Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula, Marinid prince Commander (shaykh al-ghuzat) of the Volunteers of the Faith of Granada[citation needed]
Modern period[edit]
- Abd el-Krim, leader of the Rif guerrillas against the Spanish and French colonizers[citation needed]
- Abdelhafid Boussouf, founder of the Algerian Military intelligence.[citation needed]
- Mustapha Benboulaïd.[citation needed]
- Abane Ramdane, Algerian revolutionary fighter, assassinated in 1957 in an internal purge.[citation needed]
- Krim Belkacem, Algerian revolutionary fighter, assassinated in 1970, allegedly by Algerian secret services.[citation needed]
- Colonel Amirouche, Algerian revolutionary fighter, killed by French troops in 1959.[citation needed]
- Lalla Fatma n Soumer, woman who led western Kabylie in battle against French troops.[citation needed]
- Belkacem Radjef, early leading figure of the movement for independence.[citation needed]
- Mohammed Ameziane, leader of the Moroccan Riffian resistance against the Spanish occupation of Northern Morocco.[citation needed]
- Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni, leader of the Jebala tribal confederacy in Morocco[citation needed]
- Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, Moroccan Berber military figure and tribal leader[citation needed]
- Moha ou Said, Moroccan tribal leader who opposed French rule of the protectorate of Morocco.[citation needed]
- Abdellah Zakour, Moroccan Soussi Berber military leader who opposed the French conquest of Morocco[citation needed]
Art[edit]
Writers and poets[edit]
Ancient period[edit]
- Terence, (Publius Terentius Afer), Roman writer[citation needed]
- Apuleius, (125–170), born in Madaurus (M'Daourouch), philosopher and rhetorician; wrote the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety[citation needed]
- Corippus, late Berber-Roman epic poet of the 6th century[citation needed]
- Cresconius Africanus, Latin canon lawyer, possibly a Christian bishop in the African Church[citation needed]
Medieval period[edit]
- Ibn Darraj al-Qastalli (958–1030), Andalusi poet of Berber origin[citation needed]
- Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya (born c. 1135, died AH 1190–91), one of the most celebrated Andalusian female poets of medieval Arabic literature[citation needed]
- Ibn Muti al-Zawawi (1168/69–1231), grammarian and poet[citation needed]
- Al-Busiri (1211–1294), Sufi poet[citation needed]
- Mohammed Awzal (ca. 1680–1749), prolific Sous Berber poet[citation needed]
Modern period[edit]
- Fadhma Aït Mansour, Algerian poet and folksinger. Mother of Jean Amrouche and Taos Amrouche[citation needed]
- Taos Amrouche (4 March 1913 – 2 April 1976), Algerian writer and singer[citation needed]
- Jean Amrouche (7 February 1906 – 16 April 1962), Algerian writer and Taos Amrouche's brother[citation needed]
- Nadia Chafik (born 1962), Moroccan novelist[citation needed]
- Mohamed Chafik (born 17 September 1926), Moroccan writer and the dean of the IRCAM.[citation needed]
- Mohamed Choukri, Moroccan writer[citation needed]
- Mouloud Feraoun, writer assassinated by the OAS.[citation needed]
- Assia Djebar, Algerian novelist, translator and filmmaker[citation needed]
- Tahar Djaout, writer and journalisbet assassinated by the GIA in 1993[citation needed]
- Hawad (born 1950), Tuareg poet and author[citation needed]
- Issouf ag Maha Nigerien Tuareg writer[citation needed]
- Kateb Yacine, Algerian writer[citation needed]
- Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine, Moroccan poet and novelist[citation needed]
- Ali Lmrabet, Moroccan journalist[citation needed]
- Ahmed Sefrioui, Moroccan novelist and pioneer of Moroccan literature in the French language.[citation needed]
- Tahar Ouettar.[citation needed]
- Si Mohand, Kabyle folk poet[citation needed]
Music[edit]
Singers[edit]
- Loreen, Swedish singer-songwriter of Moroccan descent[citation needed]
- Dania Ben Sassi, Libyan-Serbian singer[citation needed]
- Amel Brahim-Djelloul, Algerian opera singer[citation needed]
- Ammouri Mbarek, Moroccan singer-songwriter[citation needed]
- Fatima Tabaamrant, Moroccan singer[citation needed]
- Najat Aatabou, Moroccan singer[citation needed]
- Hindi Zahra, Moroccan singer[citation needed]
- Chérifa, Algerian singer[citation needed]
- Mohamed Rouicha, Moroccan singer[citation needed]
- Lounès Matoub, Algerian Berberist and secularist singer assassinated in 1998[citation needed]
- Takfarinas, Algerian singer[citation needed]
- Idir, Algerian singer[citation needed]
- Katchou, Algerian singer[citation needed]
- Lounis Aït Menguellet, Algerian singer[citation needed]
- Slimane Azem, Algerian singer[citation needed]
- Souad Massi, Algerian singer[citation needed]
- El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka Algerian chaabi singer[citation needed]
- Rim'K, rapper[citation needed]
- Taos Amrouche, Algerian writer and singer[citation needed]
- Aïssa Djermouni, Chaoui folk poet[citation needed]
- Cheikh El Hasnaoui, Algerian singer[citation needed]
- Lhaj Belaid, Moroccan singer and poet[citation needed]
Composers[edit]
- Cheb i Sabbah, DJ and composer in Algeria[citation needed]
Bands[edit]
- Oudaden, Moroccan band[citation needed]
- Tinariwen, Tuareg band[citation needed]
- Izenzaren, Moroccan band[citation needed]
Performing Arts[edit]
Actors[edit]
- Erika Sawajiri, Japanese actress, Japanese, Algerian mix[citation needed]
- Isabelle Adjani, French actress and singer of Kabyle descent[citation needed]
- Saïd Taghmaoui, French-American actor and screenwriter of Moroccan descent[citation needed]
- Sofia Boutella, Algerian actress, model and dancer[citation needed]
- El Hedi ben Salem, Moroccan Berber actor known for his work with German director Rainer Werner Fassbinder.[citation needed]
Film directors[edit]
- Bachir Bensaddek, Canadian director[citation needed]
Dancers[edit]
- Kamel Ouali, choreographer, dance teacher, teacher on the French reality TV show Star Academy France.[citation needed]
Academic sciences[edit]
Linguistics and philology[edit]
Medieval times[edit]
- Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, commentator on the Quran and foremost Arabic grammarian of his era[citation needed]
- Abu Musa al-Jazuli, philologian and grammarian[citation needed]
- Ibn Adjurrum, famous grammarian of Arabic.[citation needed]
Modern times[edit]
- Saïd Cid Kaoui, Algerian berberologist and lexicographer[citation needed]
- Boulifa, Algerian Berberologist and teacher[citation needed]
- Salem Chaker, Algerian Berberologist and director of Berber at the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales in Paris. He is recognized as the "dean" of modern Berber studies[citation needed]
- Mouloud Mammeri, writer, anthropologist and linguist.[citation needed]
- Abdellah Bounfour, Moroccan linguist and philologist.[citation needed]
History[edit]
Medieval period[edit]
- Mohammed al-Baydhaq, chronicler of the Almohads.[citation needed]
- Ibn Amira, historian, poet, and scholar of law from al-Andalus.[citation needed]
- Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi, Moroccan historian, poet, and scholar of law from al-Andalus.[citation needed]
- Ibn Hammad, medieval Berber qadi and historian[citation needed]
- Abd al-Aziz ibn Shaddad, Zirid chronicler[citation needed]
- Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Jaznai.[citation needed]
Modern period[edit]
- Mohammed Akensus (1797–1877)[citation needed]
- Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi (December 18, 1552 – December 6, 1616)[citation needed]
- Mohammed al-Ifrani (1670–1747)[citation needed]
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zayyani (1734/35–1833), Moroccan historian, geographer, poet and statesman.[citation needed]
- Ali Azayku (1942–2004)[citation needed]
- Abdelaziz al-Malzuzi.[citation needed]
- Mohammed al-Mokhtar Soussi.[citation needed]
- Mohamed Salah Mzali.[citation needed]
- Mohammed Arkoun, Algerian historian of Islamic thought[citation needed]
Science[edit]
- Abbas ibn Firnas, polymath[citation needed]
- Ibn al-Yasamin, Berber mathematician[citation needed]
- Mustapha Ishak Boushaki, Berber cosmologist[citation needed]
Religion[edit]
Christians[edit]
- Tertullian, early Christian author[citation needed]
- Pope Victor I, pope of the Roman Catholic Church (reigned 189–199)[citation needed]
- Saint Cyprian of Carthage, bishop of Carthage and martyr (b. 200–210, d. 258)[citation needed]
- Pope Miltiades, pope of the Roman Catholic Church (reigned 311–314)[citation needed]
- Pope Gelasius I, pope of the Roman Catholic Church (reigned 492–496)[citation needed]
- Saint Monica of Hippo (Thagaste/Souk Ahras), (322–387), Saint Augustine's mother[citation needed]
- Saint Alypius, (360–430) from Thagaste, bishop of Thagaste (394)[citation needed]
- Faustus of Mileve, from Milevis, bishop of Milevis (Mila) late 4th century[citation needed]
- Saint Augustine of Hippo, (354–430), from Thagaste (Souk Ahras), bishop of Hippo Regius (Annaba) (395)[citation needed]
- Arius, proposed the doctrine of Arianism.[citation needed]
- Donatus Magnus, leader of the Donatist schism[citation needed]
- Adrian of Canterbury, Abbot of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury.[citation needed]
- Casilda of Toledo, saint and daughter of an emir of Toledo[5][6]
Muslims[edit]
- Abdallah ibn Yasin, spiritual leader of the Almoravid movement.[citation needed]
- Ibn Tumart, founder of the Almohad dynasty[citation needed]
- Muhammad al-Jazuli, author of the Dala'il al-Khairat, Sufi.[citation needed]
- Muhammad al-Maghili, Berber 'alim from Tlemcen.[citation needed]
Other[edit]
- Salih ibn Tarif of the Berghouata.[citation needed]
- Phemonoe, libyan sibyl[7]
Law[edit]
- Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, Maliki scholar of Islamic law.[citation needed]
- Mundhir ibn Sa'īd al-Ballūṭī, judge for the Caliph of Cordoba.[citation needed]
- Ahmad al-Wansharisi, Muslim theologian and jurist of the Maliki school[citation needed]
- Ibn Arafa.[citation needed]
- Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Mohammed al-Zarwili, qadi of Taza and later qadi of Fez.[citation needed]
Travel[edit]
- Ibn Battuta (1304–1377), Moroccan traveller and explorer.[citation needed]
- Leo Africanus (c. 1494 – c. 1554), Berber Andalusi diplomat and travel writer[citation needed]
- Estevanico (1500–1539), Moroccan explorer, who became the first North African of Berber origin to explore North America[citation needed]
Politics[edit]
Politicians[edit]
- Thami El Glaoui, Pasha of Marrakesh 1912–1956[citation needed]
- Mohand Arav Bessaoud, Algerian writer and activist. He was described as the spiritual father of Berberism.[citation needed]
- Saïd Sadi, secularist politician[citation needed]
- Belkacem Radjef (1909–1989), politician; co-founder Etoile Nord-Africaine (1933); founder of Secours National Algerien (1962).[citation needed]
- Hocine Aït Ahmed, Algerian revolutionary fighter and secularist politician[citation needed]
- Sidi Said, leader of the Algerian syndicate of workers : UGTA[citation needed]
- Khalida Toumi, Algerian feminist and secularist, currently spokesperson for the Algerian government[citation needed]
- Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister of Algeria.[citation needed]
- Belaïd Abrika, one of the spokesmen of the Arouch.[citation needed]
- Saadeddine Othmani, deputy of Inezgane, an outer suburb of Agadir, is the leader of the Justice and Development Party (Islamist) and head of the Moroccan government.[citation needed]
- Nouri Abusahmain, President of the Libyan General National Congress.[citation needed]
- Mohamed Seghir Boushaki.[citation needed]
- Liamine Zéroual, President of Algeria between 1994 and 1999[citation needed]
- Hamid Algabid, Prime Minister of Niger 1983–1988 and Secretary General of the OIC 1989–1996[citation needed]
Sport[edit]
- Adam Ounas, French footballer of Algerian descent[citation needed]
- Amine Harit, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Achraf Hakimi, Spanish footballer of Moroccan descent[citation needed]
- Abdelhamid Sabiri.[citation needed]
- Aymen Abdennour.[citation needed]
- Bouchaib El Moubarki.[citation needed]
- Faouzi Chaouchi.[citation needed]
- Habib Bellaïd, French footballer of Algerian descent[citation needed]
- Houssem Aouar, French footballer of Algerian descent[citation needed]
- Ismaël Bennacer, Algerian footballer[citation needed]
- Karim Ziani, French footballer of Algerian descent[citation needed]
- Mounir Chouiar, French footballer of Moroccan descent[citation needed]
- Rabah Madjer, Algerian footballer, winner of the 1986–87 European Cup with FC Porto.[citation needed]
- Zinedine Zidane, French footballer and manager of Real Madrid.[citation needed]
- Karim Benzema, French-Algerian footballer[citation needed]
- Karim Bridji, Dutch-Algerian footballer[citation needed]
- Madjid Bougherra, French-Algerian footballer[citation needed]
- Mustapha Hadji, Moroccan footballer nominated as the best African player of the year 1998[citation needed]
- Nadir Belhadj, French-Algerian footballer[citation needed]
- Younes Belhanda, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Youssouf Hadji, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Karim Rekik.[citation needed]
- Karim Soltani.[citation needed]
- Kévin Malcuit, French footballer of Moroccan descent[citation needed]
- Samir Malcuit, French footballer of Moroccan descent[citation needed]
- Khalid Boulahrouz, Dutch footballer of Moroccan descent[citation needed]
- Ibrahim Afellay, Dutch footballer of Moroccan origin[citation needed]
- Riyad Mahrez, Algerian footballer won the English Premier League with Leicester City.[citation needed]
- Islam Slimani, Algerian footballer[citation needed]
- Ismaël Gharbi.[citation needed]
- Adel Taarabt, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Hakim Ziyech, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Oussama Assaidi, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Zakaria Labyad, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Abdeslam Ouaddou, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Youssef Mokhtari, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Munir El Haddadi, Spanish-Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Samir Nasri, French-Algerian footballer[citation needed]
- Nordin Amrabat, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Sofyan Amrabat, Moroccan footballer[citation needed]
- Yassine Bounou.[citation needed]
- Yasser Larouci.[citation needed]
- Badr Hari, Moroccan kick-boxer and K-1 legend from Souss[citation needed]
- Kylian Mbappé, French footballer of Algerian Kabyle descent[citation needed]
- Fouad Idabdelhay.[citation needed]
- Rayan Aït-Nouri.[citation needed]
- Simo.[citation needed]
- Mehdy Guezoui.[citation needed]
- Mohcine Nader.[citation needed]
- Nabil El Zhar.[citation needed]
- Nader Matar.[citation needed]
- Nassim Ben Khalifa.[citation needed]
- Omar El Kaddouri.[citation needed]
- Saïd Benrahma.[citation needed]
- Yacine Adli.[citation needed]
- Yazid Mansouri.[citation needed]
- Youssef En-Nesyri.[citation needed]
- Yuri Berchiche, Spanish Footballer of Algerian descent[citation needed]
- Zinédine Machach, French-Algerian Footballer[citation needed]
References[edit]
- ^ "Berber | Definition, People, Languages, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
- ^ The Zīrids of Granada - Andrew Handler University of Miami Press, 1974
- ^ Ibn ?azm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker
- ^ Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
- ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (12 November 2013). A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-8014-6871-1. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894). The Mohammedan Dynasties. London: Archibald Constable and Companhy. p. 25.
- ^ Pausanias, Guide to Greece, 10.12.1: "There is a rock rising up above the ground. On it, say the Delphians, there stood and chanted the oracles a woman, by name Herophile and surnamed Sibyl. The former Sibyl I find was as present as any; the Greeks say that she was a daughter of Zeus by Lamia, daughter of Poseidon, that she was the first woman to chant oracles, and that the name Sibyl was given her by the Libyans. [2] Herophile was younger than she was, but nevertheless she too was clearly born before the Trojan war, as she foretold in her oracles that Helen would be brought up in Sparta to be the ruin of Asia and of Europe, and that for her sake the Greeks would capture Troy. The Delians remember also a hymn this woman composed to Apollo. In her poem she calls herself not only Herophile but also Artemis, and the wedded wife of Apollo, saying too sometimes that she is his sister, and sometimes that she is his daughter."